Classification of Wastewater

Classification of Wastewater Wastewaters are numerous in kind and defy easy definition. It is difficult to evolve a universal classification for waste. However, roughly there are three basic classification methods, which are combined to form a waste classification system (Hagerty., 1973). They are physical classification, chemical classification and thermal classification. The last one is directly related to thermal processing requirements and focuses on the information needed to select, design, and operate a thermal processing system. 5.1 Physical Classification This classification identifies the physical state of waste. It is needed for the selection and design of waste handling systems and the choice of processing equipment. Based on physical characteristics, typical waste materials are classified as gaseous, liquid, slurry, sludge, solid and containerized waste. In the present context, solid and liquid wastes will be discussed in this section. Solid waste is wastes those which arise from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are usually discarded as useless or unwanted. The term as used in this context is all inclusive, and it encompasses the heterogeneous mass of throw aways from the urban community as well as the more homogeneous accumulations of agricultural, industrial and mineral wastes (Tchobanoglous, 1977). In discussing solid waste, generally and traditionally certain categories of wastes are well recognized as they are very common. For example, solid wastes include domestic, commercial, industrial, (due to construction and demolition) agricultural, institutional and miscellaneous. Many times domestic and commercial wastes cannot be differentiated and are considered together as urban wastes. Included in this category are the garbage materials which result from food preparation both in the homes and restaurants, and also the rubbish which is produced in residences and commercial establishments. Gen erally, the garbage consists of rapidly decomposable materials while the rubbish is either slowly decomposable or non-degradable. A second major category of waste is industrial, the refuse produced by industrial processes. Generally the character of the refuse produced in any manufacturing or processing operation will depend very much on the type, amount, or the character of wastes produced by the industry. Obviously, the wastes produced by steel manufacturers will differ considerably from those produced in the chemical industry. Usually the wastes produced by any food processing operation, the paper and plastics industries are almost similar to the paper and plastic packaging materials found in domestic rubbish. On the other hand, the metal processing industry will obviously generate metallic wastes, but in addition will also produce large quantities of slags, processing chemicals, and other residues, many of which are used in air pollution control and water pollution control activ ities. The wastes produced by chemical industries or other more specialized industries will in general depend upon the specific nature of the end product of the manufacturing process (Waste Classification Guidelines Part 1: Classifying Waste , 2009). 5.2 Chemical Classification It is the key to selection of proper process design parameters, selection of materials of construction, choice of concentration equipment, design of incinerator hardware, the possibility of bye-product recovery, and the requirement of fuel gas and discharge water treatment systems. Based on this classification, the waste materials are broadly classified as clean waste and hazardous waste. 5.2.1 Clean Waste This group covers hydrocarbons which contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The oxidation products are considered clean and can be discharged into the environment. 5.2.2 Hazardous Waste The problem with hazardous wastes is that there is still no internationally accepted definition of a hazardous waste. However, technical criteria such as toxicity, flammability, corrosivity, ignitability and reactivity have been proposed and used to some extent to identify and designate the waste as hazardous. Though the hazardous wastes account for only a small proportion of all wastes generated by the industries, their impact can be disastrous as they not only affect the physical environment but also the biotic components. The United States alone generates about 60 million tons of hazardous waste every year, and the European Economic Community about half of that quantity. Roughly 10 to 20 per cent of the total waste produced can be considered as potentially hazardous. In general, there are industries like metallurgical, iron and steel, fertilizers, thermal power production, etc. generating large quantities of solid and liquid wastes containing low concentration that is at the trace level of hazardous constituents. On the other hand, there is another group of industries such as chlor alkali, pesticides, dyestuffs, electroplating, photographic chemicals, fine chemicals, etc. which generate comparatively small quantity of wastes, but they are highly toxic and hazardous. Approximately one million tons of solid waste is generated annually by the 131 industrial units surveyed. Nearly 22% of wastes from these industries are hazardous. It has been estimated that about 94% of these wastes are generated by process oriented (generating during the processing of raw materials to get the finished products) industries and 6% of it is pollution control oriented (generated from the treatment of gaseous and liquid effluents) industries. Maximum amount of hazardous waste is generates by chlor-alkali, dyes and pigment, organic chemicals, pesticide and plating industrial sectors. The inorganic chemical sector on the other hand, generated low volume-high toxic wastes. The syntheti c drug manufacturing units in drugs and pharma sector generate maximum quantity of hazardous wastes. Thus, hazardous waste may be further classified into waste generating gaseous contaminants, waste containing alkali and alkaline earth metals and waste containing heavy metals. 5.3 Thermal Classification This is used in the determination of energy requirements for processing and in the selection of system configuration. Based on the thermal properties, typical waste materials are classified as follows, where combustible wastes are a group that includes wastes which will sustain oxidation reaction without additional energy requirements, noncombustible wastes are groups that represent low-Btu value wastes, which will not sustain oxidation reaction without additional energy supply. These wastes may be further classified into following two categories which are the noncombustible wastes with no low the volatiles (the organics in the wastes contain no low volatiles which, when heated, will evaporate) and the noncombustible waste with low volatiles (the organics in the waste are heat sensitive and readily vaporized when heated). These two categories provide important information for the designing of evaporation and steam stripping systems. They are also important factors in the selection of pre-concentration equipment of wastes. For the successful application of thermal processing systems accurate and reliable information about the composition and characteristics of any waste to be processed is essential. Such data are necessary to understand the process and for the selection of process equipment. Classification of a wastewater by toxicity or hazard is important for safety and also to comply with legislation (Mumford, 1973). In practice, it is better to use the characterization ‘hazardous’ and ‘non-hazardous’ having regard to both toxicity and the environmental implications of the waste on disposal. Therefore the Control of Pollution Act distinguishes waste as poisonous, noxious or polluting and whose presence on land is likely to give rise to an environmental hazard. It also encompasses highly flammable or explosive materials which may have little toxicological significance (Agency, n.d.). Classification may be further expanded taking into consideration individual chemicals. Chemical analysis will usually give the proportion of each chemical present, except that of organics which may be characterized by one or more physical properties as listed in Table 2. Table 2: Physical properties of liquid wastes. Alternatively the description may be limited to synthetic organic materials, natural organic materials, and inorganic materials and this characteristic corresponds to classification by origin. Finally, wastewater is usually wastes because it consists of unusable and often unpleasant mixture of chemicals. Bibliography Agency, T.E.P. About Hazardous Non-Hazardous Waste by The Environmental Protection Agency, [Online], Available: http://www.lonestar.edu/16715.htm [19 February 2014]. Hagerty., D.J.P.J.L.a.H.J.E. (1973) Solid Waste Management, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Mumford, C.J. (1973) Industrial Pollution Control, Bussiness Books. Tchobanoglous, G.T.H.a.E.R. (1977) Solid Wastes: Engineering Principles and Management issues, New York: McGraw Hill.

Between Two Lamentations Essay

The â€Å"Lamentation of Christ† is one of the most popular subjects in the realm of Christian Art. It became extremely popular from the 11th century to the early 18th century, encompassing vast art periods from the Byzantine art period under the Medieval era of art, to the Baroque period of the Renaissance. Numerous works have been created, centering on this one scene that is of great import, not only to the Christian community but to the art world itself. One of the most popular scenes in Christian history, the Lamentations showcases Jesus Christ, brought down after just having died on the cross. His mother Mary is shown often with Jesus in her arms weeping and mourning the death of her son. Surrounding them are several other mourners, comprising of Christ’s friends and family. As it is also a popular episode in the life of Christ, it is also included in many depictions of the Life of Christ, a form of Christian art that serves as a narrative or an early form of sequential art that tells the story of Jesus Christ from his conception to his resurrection and ascension into Heaven. This led to many different artists coming up with different versions of the scene. The numerous renditions of the same scene, scattered from the 11th century to the 8th century, is a good way o gauge the development of art at a fixed period of time. One of the first few examples is a fresco in the Church of St. Panteleimon, a small Byzantine church in Macedonia. The painting was made by an anonymous artist, known only as â€Å"Meister von Nerezi† or â€Å"Master of Nerezi†. The piece, Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon, was done in 1164 which was the Middle Byzantine period. During the time, Christian art revolved around a strict set of rules which restricted many artistic ideas, and as the setting was that of the period of changes to the Byzantine style, the art for the Master of Nerezi’s Lamentation piece was something relatable to â€Å"Maniera Byzantina† (Lasareff 279). Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon (1164) Obvious within his work is the ability to evoke feelings of empathy and even sympathy from its beholders, perfectly capturing the essence of mourning and overall sadness of the scene. This despite the image’s adherence to the strict formal rules of Byzantine art. It also features a more definitive sense of emotion as opposed to other works of the era which tended to keep a more solemn depiction of things. Also of note is the Master of Nerezi’s composition of the piece, having Mary hold Jesus tightly, arms wrapped around the dead body, while a disciple bends over to hold his dead master’s hand to his face. The resulting placement of subjects evokes a spatial setting that proves schematic and well thought-out. Giotto’s â€Å"Lamentation† on the other hand, is a fresco showcased at the Arena Chapel in Padua, and is one of the most popular Lamentation pieces created. It too depicts the mourning of Jesus Christ, portraying him laid on the ground right after dying from his crucifixion, surrounded by friends and family, with Mary at his side, mourning and expressing great sadness in their faces. Giotto di Bondone, or simply Giotto, as he is more widely known, was a famous artist in the late Middle ages who specialized in painting and architecture. His works attributed to his being considered one of the first artists whose works led to the eventual birth of the Italian Renaissance, the period which signaled the end of the Medieval ages and gave rise to Early Modern Europe. The â€Å"Lamentation† is one of the best examples of his work, which was famous for the fuller, more three-dimensional style of painting that would only become more prominent in the Renaissance period, which wasn’t to become popular until around century after Giotto. (Webmuseum 2010) â€Å"The Lamentation† (1305 – 1306) Dating back to around 1305 – 1306, Giotto’s work on the†Lamentation† featured Christ being held by Mary, Jesus Christ’s mother, at the head, and possibly Mary Magdalene at the feet as the woman is shown with red hair and Mary Magdalene is known to have washed Jesus’ feet. In terms of the painting’s composition, Giotto focused on the sad scene of mourning in the lower left area, having Jesus and Mary framed by the six other people who are seemingly spaced appropriately to bing the viewer’s attention to the Mother and Son. Surrounding them are disciples of the fallen savior, as well as hallowed saints – all of them in mourning, effectively conveying the overall mood of sadness about the image. Immediately behind the gathered crowd is a scraggly rock mound – its sharp, downward line leading to the images focal point of Jesus and Mary. Above them are angels, flying around with sad,mourning, grieving faces, their figures notably foreshortened to denote a deeper, more three-dimensional feel to the piece. Looking back at the fresco done by the Master of Nerezi, the Italo-Byzantine style of art is still most obviously definitive in his work: basically two-dimensional whilst combining elements of the Byzantine art style with those of the natural world, the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon features a flat-looking image which is iconic in its nature. Done during the Comnene Dynasty of rule which lasted from 1025-1204, the Master of Nerezi’s Lamentation was timely as due to the Comnenans being staunch supporters of the arts, the general art direction went towards the depiction of emotions, with themes such as the Lamentation and the Virgin and Child being among the most popular of the day. Whereas Giotto’s work was done as a part of a series depicting the Life of Christ, which was part of the Arena Chapel whose interiors were decked with frescoes by Giotti. It was finished in 1306, during that time when the Byzantine style of art was still somewhat prevalent among artists. Considering the relative gap between the creation of the two Lamentation pieces, it isn’t surprising to find that there is a huge difference between the two art styles used – where one used a more traditional Byzantine style of flatness while the other utilized a more realistic and natural mode which was at the time, a style of the artist’s own – but considering that at the time of Giotti’s work, the style used by the Master of Nerezi was still what was of standard, then it denotes a significant leap forward in the art medium. Both pieces being of the same topic which is the Death of Jesus Christ, the overall theme of sadness and mourning over a death is reflected effectively by means of expressing emotion on the faces of the characters as depicted by their frowns and sad eyes and faces. Their postures are also indicative of the plight they are going through in the image. Also common is the disciple leaning in to meet his master’s hand,hence the posture of bending over, creating a line that leads to the point within the image wherein Mary keeps her face close to the dead Christ. In the case of the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon, despite being tied to the art style of the Byzantine times then which often featured religious pieces in symmetrical compositions, the image remains asymmetrical as is common in Lamentation pieces. Perhaps the major difference in terms of the subject matter for both images is that there are more characters in Giotto’s piece. Aside from Jesus’ friends family, and disciples who mourn by his side, in Giotto’s version, angels decked in bright colors are flying around above them, sobbing and weeping as well. In general, both paintings clearly get the message across to the beholders, and almost always evokes feelings of sadness and understanding from its onlookers as well. In summary, the analysis of the two paintings which are different renditions of two different artists on the same theme, gives a peek of what the development of art styles was at the time. From the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon by the Master of Nerezi in 1164’s Byzantine style of art, to the groundbreaking realism and classicism as well as the incorporation of three-dimensional elements in Giotto’s â€Å"Lamentation,† it shows that art, like many other aspects of human culture and society, also develops at a rate that coincides with the development of humanity as a whole. Works Cited â€Å"History of Painting† History World 22 May 2010. http://www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories. asp Lasareff, Victor. â€Å"Early Italo-Byzantine Painting in Sicily. † The Burlington Magazine for Connoiseurs Vol. 63 No. 369 (1933) â€Å"Giotto di Bondone† Webmuseum 22 May 2010 http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/giotto/ â€Å"Arena Chapel† Britannica Encyclop? dia Online 22 May 2010 http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/33443/Arena-Chapel

Program Planning and Evaluation Paper - 840 Words

Assignment: Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Janice Minnis HSM/270: Programming Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Human Services August 21, 2011 Terri Galindo Axia College of University of Phoenix I have chosen to work with Program Scenario Three, PEACE Domestic Violence Agency. Yuen/Terao (2003) states, â€Å"Program planning is an organized process through which a set of coordinated activities or interventions is developed to address and facilitate change in some or all of the identified problems.† â€Å"Program Evaluation is the application of different social research designs in assessing the needs and results of programs.† In short, Program Planning and Program Evaluation is the process of assessing needs, organizing an†¦show more content†¦The plan has added another targeted population and other agencies that will be used for particular services. The plan will outline how the relationship between this agency and other services providers would function, and the evaluation would outline whether or not the agencies meet the guidelines set forth by this agency and governmental guidelines. The objective that will provide young people who are or have been involved with the criminal justice system with a rehabilitation program targets another population. The plan must define the targeted age group or groups; the plan must define the sources targeted to work as a part of the rehabilitation program. The evaluation will determine through research, exploratory study and descriptive research, the most effective agencies and strategies to use for the success of this type of program. The grant programs for the funding of the agency needs a plan that will outline securing other funding that will meet the day-to-day operations of the program. Staffing, materials needed, and other fundamentals to run a program must be taken into consideration. The budgeted amount to run the agency can be determined by the evaluation of all that is a part of the objective and this will determine if the criteria has been met for the grants applied for. The Investor Program has a maximum number of organizations it will fund and is based upon the objectiv esShow MoreRelatedProgram Planning and Evaluation Paper815 Words   |  4 Pages Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Nicole Debski HSM/270 PROGRAM PLANNING amp; GRANT PROPOSAL WRITNG IN HUM SERV (AXIA) Janice Gilstorff, MPA Faculty University of Phoenix 8/1/2010 Program Planning and Evaluation Paper The first questions ask how program planning and program evaluation describe how the two components relate. In my opinion they relate because once you have a plan in order you have to evaluate it to see if the plan is working. 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I volunteered as a mentor and presenter to a local high school with Junior Achievement. I combined my academic, military and business background in a program for high school to motivate and encourage excellenceRead MoreEssay on Hsm/270 Week 6 Checkpoint1205 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the programs it will offer they have to start thinking about the processes and outcomes they want to use and achieve through their program. They need to find the best ways to run their program that follows their mission and produces outcomes that help support that same mission. Process and outcome evaluations in a human service setting help the organization to better understand the outcomes of their programs and the processes in which the outcomes came. (Yuen, Terao, 2003) This paper will walk

Strangers Somewhat Like Me - 755 Words

As I look around me, first to the right, then the left, up and down, I see creatures that look as I do yet they are very different. We have many similarities. Perhaps we are related? These creatures called Homo sapiens are most certainly different than my kind, Australopithecus afarensis. I can see we move the same way, both of us walk upright and on two legs, apparently. I see that we both have eyes not to the side of our head but in the front. I also see parents caring for their children who are more than a few years old. While I see all of these similarities I see few major differences between us. A few differences that I can easily spot are that their head is much larger than my own but their jaw is smaller, their bodies are also different than mine, and they communicate using a type of language. One of the first observations I made when I saw the Homo sapiens was they have an incredibly large head. They must be highly intelligent, their brain size is about 1300 cubic centimeters (Dorey 2013) while mine is merely 430 cubic centimeters (Larson 2013: 250). With a brain this large it is easy to see how they were able to make many of the tools that have helped adapt to their environment. In a way these Homo sapiens are able to make their own environment. Homo sapiens are able to adapt to may kinds of climate and terrains without much difficulty. Along with their large head size their teeth are also a bit strange. Homo sapiens have a smaller jaw than I do, suggesting thatShow MoreRelatedThe Violation Of World War Three1255 Words   |  6 Pagesnews because I knew we would talk about it in class. News in both entertainment and politics can be ephemeral, but both can have effects that influence the way we live for years. Both Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un having access to nuclear weapons makes me uneasy. 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I would have never thought I could get so much information from people by just eaves dropping as they walk by. Just being there thirty minutes, ninety people walked by me. To get an even one hundred people, I had to stay six more minutes. 20% of all the people that walked by were either African American men or women. Out of the 20% of African American men and women, 11% of them were African American men and only 9% wereRead MoreThe Stranger Essays556 Words   |  3 Pagesway because we are just misunderstood or as Albert Camus would say â€Å"strangers† to society. The stranger is a man lost in his own world where no one understands him but himself. This man was portrayed as a monster, un-human, and even heartless all because he chose not to express his emotions or feeling to the world. You may ask well how does this relate to me ? Well your about to find out why. 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The Impact Of College Failure On An Individual - 1114 Words

When coming to college most students have nothing but success on their mind. These are supposed to be the best years of a student’s life. Instead they have become a measuring stick for how far one will go. According to a recent study, conducted by Harvard, fifty six percent of college students complete a four-year degree in six years (Harvard). That’s a scary number when considering most students who drop out don’t finish their education. The impact of college failure on an individual can last a lifetime. To put things in perspective the United States is ranked ninth teen out of twenty-eight countries that are tracked by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (National Clearinghouse). It can be argued the United States†¦show more content†¦Student organizations and volunteering are also ways of having a social life. There are many ways integrating social activities into a student’s life can help including stress relief, having s tudy partners, building lifelong friendships, and improving physical health. A lot of students make friends they will have for life and build business contacts they can use in the future. Having friends in the same class can make it more enjoyable and even keep a student on track with study groups. Other students can teach material that wasn’t understood in class. And when missing class, others student will have the materials that were missed. When it comes to physical health the benefits can be profound. According to studies done by Value Options, people with strong social ties tend to experience reduced blood pressure, fewer colds and lower heart rates than their less-social counterparts. These are times where students put their health at risk by sleeping irregularly, eating junk food, drinking alcohol, and forgoing physical activity. This just goes to show that students have to find some kind of balance between academics and social activity. It seems as the though student s are indulging in the pleasures of college and forgetting why they’re here. After all, college is about earning a degree. In addition to students having to worry about a social life, they also have family responsibilities to tend to. These responsibilities can range from wanting to spend time with love

A visit to the art institute of chicago museum Free Essays

On South Michigan Avenue, stands the Art Institute of Chicago Museum. One of the first things that I noticed and one problem that I encountered is that The Art Institute of Chicago does not have its own parking lot. Good thing there are public garages nearby. We will write a custom essay sample on A visit to the art institute of chicago museum or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Art Institute has an â€Å"H† shape, if one will imagine from a bird’s-eye-view.   It is a three-storey building housing work spaces, study rooms, auditoriums and enclosed galleries. But what will truly stand out are its vast collections of paintings, sculptures, photographs, videos, textiles, and architectural drawings. (The Art Institute of Chicago 2005). I was simply impressed with the exhibits. I marveled at the extensive and interesting collections there. As evident on the other people’s reactions, I think they felt the same way. Different reactions and moods were elicited from each of the art pieces. The exhibit about the Icons of Divinity from South and Southeast Asia caught my interest. This focused mainly on the art of the Hindus and Buddhists. The images display complex ideas about divinity. And it is always appealing to learn about the art of other cultures. Another is the exhibit featuring the different treatments in the works of Harry Callahan, a photographer. (The Art Institute of Chicago 2005). The ‘Portrait of Cardinal Zelada’ by Anton Raffael, for me, presents the subject as someone dignified and regal. Emphasis is given on the position of the subject, sitting upright. The eyes and the small smile forming on the subject’s lips may also signify the graciousness of the subject. The artist may be portraying the righteousness and the nobility of the cardinal. I would also probably choose Anton Raffael to do my portrait. I would like my natural traits to be showed in the portrait, with more emphasis on the good characteristics. ‘Day of the Gods’ by Paul Gauguin and ‘Charity’ by Francesco de Mura both depict female nudes. Gauguin’s work has more eroticism in it than that of de Mura’s. That is because ‘Day of the Gods’ puts more emphasis on the physical beauty of the female, a Tahitian female in particular, than the other work. De Mura’s ‘Charity’, on the other hand, seems to dwell on motherhood and motherly love, thus, less erotic. I think the impact of eroticism is that it makes the visuals more attractive. Most people admire the physical beauty of the woman. Depicting and emphasizing that in the painting will draw more people into looking and appreciating the work of art. And lastly is the seascape, ‘The Beach at Sainte-Adresse’ by Claude Monet. The painting seems to express melancholy. Elements that point to such are the muted colors, the couple seated on the beach watching a regatta sail away, the coarse texture of the sand and the density and grayness of the sky. (The Art Institute of Chicago 2005) Even if only one of these parts is to be deleted, the message of the painting is not as full anymore. For instance, if the colors of the sky are changed into brighter hues, the painting won’t be so gloomy anymore. Or if the silhouettes of the sailboats are rubbed out of the painting, it won’t seem as though many people are sailing away. This just proves that all the elements in a painting contribute to the desired effect that an artist wants to show. Work Cited: 2005. The Art Institute of Chicago. http://www.artic.edu (accessed August 1,2006).       How to cite A visit to the art institute of chicago museum, Essay examples

FedEx Express and UPS Airlines †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the FedEx Express and UPS Airlines. Answer: Introduction: Federal Express started functioning independently from April 17, 1973 and started seeing the face of humongous amounts of profit within 10 years of its start. This was the first firm to combine information technology and specialization of air carried products. The founder,Frederick W. Smith was instigated to promote a change in the delivery system of goods and provide faster and specialized service all over the world (Morrell, 2016). His very belief was that passenger flights and air cargo had to be built differently as they both had different requirement patterns. He also stressed on the fact that speed is more important than cost (Lakew, 2014). The concept of specialization has evolved from differentiated flight carriers flying to different countries to different freights carrying different products to now specialized branches of FedEx providing customized services. The firm has gained so much popularity all over the word now that in everyday language it has replaced the term ship to FedEx. The company also follows a risk taking concept and has been the first to launch many services for the first time, like expanding its services to continents of Asia and Europe as early as 1984 and initiating direct freight services to countries like Japan. It was also the first of such firms to start business with the help of the internet and promote online tracking of the parcels being delivered using FedEx.com. Later on to follow the concepts of innovated risk taking and specialization, FedEx has acquired several international companies across the world and utilized their strength in combination with theirs to provide faster and customized delivery options to its clients (Onghena, Meersman Voorde, 2014). Some of the most important acquisitions involve acquisition of Gelco Express International, American Freightways Corp., Bongo International and many more. Each of the firms acquired by Federal Express were performing the purpose of connectivity as well as specialization which was not possible by FedEx before the acquisitions. This also helped the firm to build a stronger infrastructure and technology base, one of the concepts mentioned previously. The second factor that makes it different and more accessible than its competitors is its capability to provide more options to its customers. The firm has formed FedEx Express and FedEx Ground to cater to needs of all kinds of clients, as the tw o components charge differently and are mostly used for different purposes. This not only helps the firm to organize its client base in two broad sections but also helps in performing functions differently. For example, in FedEx Express, all activities are carried out mechanically and it usually caters to larger volumes of goods and cargo as compared to FedEx Ground where everything is carried out mechanically and caters to smaller volumes of goods. According to "Boeing: World Air Cargo Forecast (WACF)", (2017), growth in the air cargo sector has been increasing till 2015 and has been relatively stagnant till then. However, after 2016 this industry has seen the face of growth and is expected to propel faster along the course of this year as well as the years to come. There are many factors that affect and impact the growth of air cargo. Economic factors involve increased or decreased trade among nations, especially outside the United States, as those countries are more influenced by political changes (Wensveen, 2011). The national income of countries so that the amount charged can be changed accordingly. Regional factors are also important because these influence economic conditions between countries. These include formation of regional trading associations amongst countries or political pacts leading to exchange of goods. To increase the total capacity of air freight carriers, which involves costs that can suppress growth. A lo t of research and development including more innovated technology can lead to growth too including the development of better temperature sensitive freights that can cater to both the time and temperature sensitive issues associated with certain products like medicines and food products. If the demand for freight and passenger is compared from the base level, it is noticeable that the prospect of growth in each of the industries is high. However, the freight industry being subject to one need, usually is a little dominated by the passenger carrying flight industry as people travel for business as well as for tourism purposes. It is also possible for passengers to carry their luggage and documents with themselves usually. However, with increased business and trade and increased technological advancements the air freight industry also has immense scope of both revenue generation and expansion. The air freight industry has very low costs associated with marketing, if any unlike the passenger flights. These companies also do not need to incur costs related to customization according to the needs of customers, (Doganis, 2009). Usually, the firms operating in the cargo industry are specialized and work as a monopolistic sector. This allows for greater co-operation than com petition and captures a bigger sector of the clients. Thus, to sum up it can be asserted that revenue generation is more for the freight industry than the passenger industry. References: Boeing: World Air Cargo Forecast (WACF). (2017).Boeing.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018, from https://www.boeing.com/commercial/market/cargo-forecast/ Doganis, R. (2009).Flying off course IV: airline economics and marketing. Routledge. Lakew, P. A. (2014). Economies of traffic density and scale in the integrated air cargo industry: The cost structures of FedEx Express and UPS Airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,35, 29-38. Morrell, P. S. (2016).Moving boxes by air: the economics of international air cargo. Routledge. Onghena, E., Meersman, H., Van de Voorde, E. (2014). A translog cost function of the integrated air freight business: The case of FedEx and UPS.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,62, 81-97. Wensveen, J. (2011).Air transportation: A management perspective. Routledge.